서론
Table 1.
Study | Year | Sample | Analysis technique | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yu et al.18 | 2015 | Urine, EPS, Seminal fluid from PCa and BPH patients | PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis quantitative real-time PCR | EPS from PCa patients showed increased Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Propionicimonas, Sphingomonas, Ochrobactrum and Escherichia coli, and decreased Eubacterium and Defluviicoccus. |
Shrestha et al.19 | 2018 | Urine from PCa and benign patients | 16S rDNA gene sequencing | Urine from PCa patients showed increased Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Streptococcus anginosus, Anaerococcus obesiensis, Actinobaculum schaalii, Varibaculum cambriense, and Propionimicrobium lymphophilum. |
Ma et al.20 | 2019 | EPS from PCa and benign patients | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | EPS from PCa patients showed increased Lactococcus, Carnobacterium, Streptococcus, Geobacillus and Enterobacter, and decreased Cronobacter, Alkaliphilus and Paenibacillus |
Sfanos et al.9 | 2008 | Tissue from RP specimen of PCa patients | 16S rDNA gene sequencing Pathologic examination |
36% of specimen showed bacterial existence. Bacterial existence didn't always correlate with inflammation. |
Cavarretta et al.21 | 2017 | Tumor/peritumor/nontumor area from RP specimen of PCa patients | Ultradeep pyrosequencing |
The most abundant species was Propionibacterium. Tumor and peritumor area showed increased Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. |
Banerjee et al.22 | 2019 | Tissue from PCa and BPH patients | Microarray metagenomics | Tissue from PCa patients showed increased microbial diversity, tumorous viral existence, and Helicobacter pylori infection. |
Miyake et al.23 | 2019 | Tissue from PCa and BPH patients |
PCR Pathologic examination |
Tissue from PCa patients showed increased Mycoplasma genitalium. PCa patients with Mycoplasma genitalial existence showed higher pathologic T stage. No relevance between M. genitalium and intraprostatic inflammation. |
Ma et al.24 | 2020 | Transcriptome RNA sequencing data from TCGA database | Computational analysis |
Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus crispatus and Thermus thermophilus inhibited tumor progression. Nevskia ramose and Staphylococcus aureus promoted tumor progression. |
Golombos et al.32 | 2018 | Stool from localized PCa and BPH patients |
Next-generation sequencing Computational analysis |
PCa patients showed increased Bacteroides massiliensis and decreased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectalie. |
Liss et al.34 | 2018 | Rectal swab from PCa and BPH patients |
16S rRNA gene sequencing Computational analysis |
In PCa patients, Bacteroides and Streptococcus were increased. Carbohydrate metabolic pathway was more activated. Folate synthesis and biotin, arginine and ornithine metabolic pathways were decreased. |
Alanee et al.36 | 2019 | Urine and fecal sample from PCa patients | 16S rRNA gene sequencing |
Urine of PCa patients showed decreased Clostridium XVIII/IV, Lachnospira, Acetanaerobaterium and Faecalibacterium. Stool of PCa patients showed increased Bacteroides. |
Sfanos et al.45 | 2018 | Fecal sample from PCa and BPH patients | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ADT treated group showed decreased microbial diversity and increased Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. |
Daisley et al.48 | 2020 | Fecal sample from metastatic CRPC patients |
16S rRNA gene sequencing Functioning inferencing |
ADT treated group showed decreased Corynebacterium. ADT with AA treated group showed decreased Corynebacterium and increased A. muciniphila. AA multiplies A. muciniphila. |
Table 2.
Study | Year | Sample | Analysis technique | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heidler et al.64 | 2020 | Nontumor portion and tumorous portion from RCC patients | 16S rDNA gene sequencing |
Malignant tissue showed increased microbial diversity, Aeromonas salmonicida, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, Parageobacillus toebii, Trachelomonas volvocinopsis, Mycoplasma mycoides and Halomicrobium mukohataei. There were several bacterial species only found in malignant and nonmalignant tissue respectively. |
Pal et al.65 | 2015 | Stool sample from mRCC patients treated by VEGF-TKI | 16S rRNA gene sequencing |
Patients with diarrhea showed increased Bacteroides species and decreased Prevotella species. Patients treated with VEGF-TKI showed decreased Bifidobacterium species. |
Hahn et al.66 | 2018 | Antibiotics medicated mRCC patients treated by VEGF-TKI | Statistical analysis for PFS | Bacteroides targeting antibiotics medicated group showed increased PFS. |
Derosa et al.67 | 2018 | mRCC patients treated by PD-L1 inhibitor | Statistical analysis for OS and PFS | Antibiotics medication in mRCC patients showed decreased PFS and OS. |
Derosa et al.68 | 2020 | Fecal sample from nivolumab treated mRCC patients and healthy volunteers |
Whole genome sequencing Metagenomic shotgun DNA sequencing |
Antibiotics medication within 60 days before nivolumab medication lowered response rate and increased Clostridium hathewayi in stool. Nivolumab responsive group showed increased Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides salyersiae. Nivolumab resistant group showed increased C. hathewayi and Clostridium clostridioforme. |
Lalani et al.69 | 2020 | Antibiotics medicated mRCC patients treated by IFN-α, mTOR inhibitor and VEGF-TT | Statistical analysis |
According to antibiotics medication, PD-1/PD-L1 treated group showed decreased response rate and PFS. IFN-a or VEGF-TT with prior cytokines treated group showed decreased PFS and OS. mTOR inhibitor or VEGF-TT without prior cytokines treated group showed no difference. |
RCC: renal cell carcinoma, mRCC: metastatic RCC, VEGF-TKI: vascular endothelial growth factor - tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PFS: progression free survival, OS: overall survival, PD-L1: programmed cell death - ligand 1, IFN: interferon, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, VEGF-TT: vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy.